Saturday, July 23, 2011

BPSC Topic : Agriculture Production and Productivity in Bihar


Fertility of soil, along with endowment of abundant ground water resources, enable the farmers of Bihar to produce a variety of crops. Apart from cereals and pulses, Bihar also produces oilseeds,fibres, fruits and vegetables. Of late, the farmers have also taken to floriculture, in view of growing demand of flowers both within and outside the state.

Bihar produces 34 most important crops production for different crops for three years ending 2008-09. 

 Based on the statistics, Bihar presently produces rice (50.6
lakh tonnes), wheat (45.1 lakh tonnes), maize (17.8 lakh tonnes), oilseeds (1.43 lakh tonnes) and sugarcane (47.8 lakh tonnes).

Despite one of the worst drought in 2009, the total foodgrain production was around 105.00 lakh tonnes for a population of about 96.0 millions in 2009-10. It shows great resilience of agriculture in the state.

The cropping pattern of Bihar reveal that the agricultural economy is still very much oriented towards subsistence production. The area under foodgrains during the period 2000-01 to 2008-09, has been as much as 95 percent. 

Within the foodgrains, the percentage share of cereals in the total area has shown a marginal increase at the cost of area under pulses. The oilseeds, fibres and sugarcane together account for barely 5 percent of the cropped area and their individual shares in the total cropped area show only marginal changes. 

The average area under sugarcane has increased marginally at the cost of oilseeds and fibre crops.

As regards productivity levels the average productivity of three important cereals are — 1454 kgs/ha for rice, 2126 kgs/ha for wheat and 2746 kgs/ha for maize. Of the two pulses groups, the average productivity in Bihar is 984 kgs/ha (kharif pulses) and 753 kgs/ha (rabi pulses). These productivity figures relate to triennium average ending 2008-09.


It is to be noted that maize is the one crop which has registered a positive growth trend in the onger term. Maize registered an upward trend in production from 14.34 lakh tonnes in 2005-06 and 17.14 lakh tonnes in 2008-09. Productivity of maize also increased from 2170 kgs/ha in 2005- 06 to 2676 kgs/ha in 2008-09. In the oilseed sector, area and production remained nearly static. In 2005-06, the area was 1.38 lakh hectares and in 2008-09, the area again was 1.38 lakh hectares.

Production level of oilseeds marginally rose from 1.34 lakh tonnes in 2005-06 to 1.38 lakh tonnes in 2008-09. Pulses also lost ground in terms of area and production.

The production level of pulses declined from 6.19 lakh tonnes in 2000-01 to 4.68 lakh tonnes in 2008-09 with a corresponding fall in acreage from 7.15 lakh hectares in 2000-01 to 5.84 lakh hectares in 2008-09.

The yield rate, though, has risen marginally over the years.In Bihar, agro-climatic conditions vary from one region to another. Because of this, the cropping pattern would tend to vary from one region to another.

Considering the production levels of 2007-08, the districts with relatively higher production of rice are Aurangabad, Rohtas, Gaya,Bhabua and Saharsa, each with a production of more than 250 thousand tonnes.

For wheat, the five districts with the highest production levels are Rohtas, East Champaran, West Champaran,Muzaffarpur and Buxar, each with a production level of more than 245 thousand tonnes
Finally for maize, the five districts with the highest levels of production are Khagaria, Purnea, Samastipur, Katihar and Madhepura, each with a production level of more than 103 thousand tonnes.

To know more about the prosperity of a district, the productivity levels of major crops are a good indicator.

In 2007-08, taking into account the productivity of rice, three districts with the highest productivity levels are Buxar (2731 kgs/ha), Aurangabad (2472 kgs/ha) and Lakhisarai (2472 kgs/ha). For wheat, the three districts with the highest productivity levels are West Champaran (3150 kgs/ha), Bhojpur (3108 kgs/ha) and Buxar (2994 kgs/ha). Finally, for maize, the three districts with the highest productivity levels are Samastipur (6287 kgs/ha), West Champaran (4523 kgs/ha) and Kishanganj (4336 kgs/ha).

Apart from major cereals and pulses, Bihar also produces a number of vegetable crops. Table 2.10 presents the figures for production of major vegetables in Bihar from 2005-06 to 2008-09.

Taking into consideration the figures for 2008-09, the important vegetables in Bihar include potato (50.34 lakh tonnes), onion (9.47 lakh tonnes), tomato (10.37 lakh tonnes), cauliflower (10.44 lakh tonnes) and brinjal (11.86 lakh tonnes). The total area under vegetables in Bihar was 8.27 lakh hectares in 2008-09 which is approximately 10.6 percent of the gross sown area of the state. The area under vegetables production in Bihar is showing an upward trend, to meet a growing demand, both within and outside the state. The districtwise area and production of four major vegetables (potato, onion, cauliflower and brinjal) are presented in Table 2.11 for the years 2007-08 and 2008-09.

A glance at the table would clearly indicate that production is well dispersed over the districts. Yet, a major part of the total production is concentrated in a few districts. Apart from Patna and Nalanda where vegetable production is very extensive, the other districts with high production level of vegetables are Gaya, Saran, Gopalganj, Muzaffarpur, West Champaran, East Champaran, Vaishali and Samastipur.

Besides major foodgrains and vegetables, the third important component of agricultural production in Bihar is the cultivation of fruits. This fetches the farmers high financial gains.

Mango, guava, litchi and banana are major fruits of Bihar. In 2008-09, the total area under fruits production was 2.9 lakh hectares which is approximately 5 percent of the net cultivated area.

The production level of major fruits crops are 13.30 lakh tonnes of mango, 2.29 lakh tonnes of guava, 2.17 lakh tonnes of litchi and 13.74 lakh tonnes of banana.

Mango and banana constitute 36 percent and 37 percent of total fruits production of Bihar respectively. Litchi constitutes 5.8 percent of the total production.

The distribution of area and production of the four major fruit crops are presented in Table 2.13 for the years 2007-08 and 2008-09.

The farmers of Bihar are taking interest in floriculture also. The commercial production of flowers is taking place on large scale in the state in view of rising demand.

Important flower crops are rose, gladiolus, jasmine (bela), marigold and tuberose. In 2008-09, the production level of these flowers were – 67 tonnes of rose, 4429 tonnes of marigold, 270 tonnes of jasmine and 365 tonnes of tuberose.

Major flower producing districts are Patna, Muzaffarpur, Vaishali, Samastipur and Gaya.

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