World top 20 most debtor nation

As the developed world is gripped under the financial crisis, national economies have looked to their government and foreign lenders for financial support, which translates to improve the borrowing, spending and in most cases, growing national debt.

Deficit spending, government debt and private sector borrowing are the new normal in most western countries, but due in part to the financial crisis, some nations and economies are in deep trouble.Here i am citing world's top 20 debtor countries

20. United States - 101.1%,External debt (as % ): 101.1% ,Gross external debt: $14.825 trillion ,2009 GDP (est): $14.66 trillion ,External debt per capita: $48,258.

19. Hungary - 120.1%,External debt (as % of GDP): 120.1% ,Gross external debt: $225.24 billion 2009 GDP (est): $187.6 billion ,External debt per capita: $22,739.

18. Australia - 138.9%,External debt (as % of GDP): 138.9% ,Gross external debt: $1.23 trillion ,2010 GDP (est): $882.4 billion ,External debt per capita: $57,641.

17. Italy - 146.6%,External debt (as % of GDP): 146.6% ,Gross external debt: $2.602 trillion ,2010 GDP (est): $1.77 trillion ,External debt per capita: $44,760.

16. Spain - 179.4%,External debt (as % of GDP): 179.4% ,Gross external debt: $2.46 trillion ,2010 GDP (est): $1.37 trillion ,External debt per capita: $60,614.

15. Greece - 182.2%,External debt (as % of GDP): 182.2% ,Gross external debt: $579.7 billion,2010 GDP (est): $318.1 billion,External debt per capita: $53,984.

14. Germany - 185.1%,External debt (as % of GDP): 185.1% ,Gross external debt: $5.44 trillion 2010 GDP (est): $2.94 trillion ,External debt per capita: $51,572.

13. Portugal - 223.6%,External debt (as % of GDP): 223.6% ,Gross external debt: $552.23 billion,2010 GDP (est): $247 billion,External debt per capita: $51,572.

12. France - 250%,External debt (as % of GDP): 250% ,Gross external debt: $5.37 trillion ,2010 GDP (est): $2.15 trillion ,External debt per capita: $83,781.

11. Hong Kong - 250.4%,External debt (as % of GDP): 250.4% ,Gross external debt: $815.65 billion ,2010 GDP (est): $325.8 billion ,External debt per capita: $115,612.

10. Norway - 251%,External debt (as % of GDP): 251% ,Gross external debt: $640.7 billion ,2010 GDP (est): $255.3 billion ,External debt per capita: $137,476.

9. Austria - 261.1%,External debt (as % of GDP): 261.1% ,Gross external debt: $867.14 billion,2010 GDP (est): $332 billion ,External debt per capita: $105,616.

8. Finland - 271.5%,External debt (as % of GDP): 271.5% ,Gross external debt: $505.06 billion,2010 GDP (est): $186 billion ,External debt per capita: $96,197.

7. Sweden - 282.2%,External debt (as % of GDP): 282.2% ,Gross external debt: $1.001 trillion,2010 GDP (est): $354.7 billion ,External debt per capita: $110,479.

6. Denmark - 310.4%,External debt (as % of GDP): 310.4% ,Gross external debt: $626.1 billion,2010 GDP (est): $201.7 billion ,External debt per capita: $113,826.

5. Belgium - 335.9%,External debt (as % of GDP): 335.9% ,Gross external debt: $1.324 trillion,2010 GDP (est): $394.3 billion ,External debt per capita: $127,197.

4. Netherlands - 376.3%,External debt (as % of GDP): 376.3% ,Gross external debt: $2.55 trillion ,2010 GDP (est): $676.9 billion,External debt per capita: $152,380.

3. Switzerland - 401.9%,External debt (as % of GDP): 401.9% ,Gross external debt: $1.304 trillion ,2010 GDP (est): $324.5 billion ,External debt per capita: $171,528.

2. United Kingdom - 413.3%,External debt (as % of GDP): 413.3% ,Gross external debt: $8.981 trillion ,2010 GDP (est): $2.173 trillion ,External debt per capita: $146,953.

1. Ireland - 1,382%,External debt (as % of GDP): 1,382% ,Gross external debt: $2.38 trillion,2010 GDP (est): $172.3 billion ,External debt per capita: $566,756.

Patna Kalam Paintings an Introduction

Mughal Emperors of India has influenced the social, cultural, political and economic life style of the Indians. Its effect was so deep that it was seen over art and architecture of the country. Mughal style of painting is a brightest feature of cultural landscape of the Indian history, which matured in the regime of Jahangir and his period was considered as the golden era of Mughal paintings.

                                          Patna Kalam Art: Domestic work by women


Mughal style of paintings is the fusion of Persian style with the Indian traditional style and created their distinct identity. Many Indian schools of paintings were founded, enriched, nourished and flourished afterwards and they were heavily influenced by Mughal paintings.

Patna School of Painting which is popularly known as the Patna Kalam or Company painting was  derivative from Mughal painting and it was developed during early 18th to mid 20th century in Bihar particularly around Patna. 

During the relinquish rule of Aurangzeb Hindu artisans of Mughal painting faced mass prosecution amid his widely practiced anti-Hindu doctrine and aversion in art and painting.

Hindu painters migrated and taken shelter in Patna and laid the foundation of their own school of painting known as Patna Kalam.

                                                        Patna Kalam Art: A Lohar working

Patna Kalam was build upon the basic features of Mughal painting but their subject matter was quite different. Unlike the Mughal painting, which was centered over the royalty and court scenes, flag bearers of Patna Kalam were deeply influenced by daily life of common man. Their main subjects were local festival, ceremonies, bazaar scenes, local rulers, and domestic activities.

Some well known painters of Patna kalam were Sewak Ram,Hulas Lall, Shiv Lal,Shiva Dayal,Mahadeo Lal and Ishwari Prasad Verma. 

The practitioners of the Patna kalam used to extract indigenously colors from plants, barks, flowers and metals .The canvas they used were made up of glass, mica and ivory sheets.

The prominent centers of Patna Kalam schools were centered Patna, Danapur and Arrah.

These paintings were featured by light colored sketches and life-size representations. One of the most distinguishing characteristic of Patna Kalam is that, they do not have any landscape, foreground or background.

The figures of such paintings are depicted by the heavy eyebrows, pointed noses, lean and gaunt faces, big mustaches sunken and deep-set staring eyes.

Second unique component of the Patna School of Painting was the development in the shading of solid forms.

Patna Kalam paintings are painted straightway with the brush without marking with pencil to delineate the contours of the picture and the procedure of painting is popularly known as 'Kajli Seahi.

The Patna School of Painting has faced a gradual decline and inching towards the extinction with the lapse of time as new artists are not coming forward to carry on this beautiful tradition and the old ones are passing away one by one.

It's basically a miniature form of painting which has, because of its unique style and form, occupied separate shelves at art galleries in London and museums in Prague.

                                                        Patna Kalam Art: Money lender

This is the most unfortunate things about the Patna Kalam,like the world-famous Madhubani paintings, it has not received its due share of acknowledgement despite of that many believes that the eponymous painting was far superior to the more popular Mithila paintings.

The “Patna Kalam” faced competition from the "Madhubani paintings which is marketed professionally both at home and abroad. Also, Maghubani painting is a folk form which could be easily transferred from one generation to another".

Today, only few existing miniatures of this rare form lie in unkempt and dusty shelves in the Patna museum where it was fondly created and adopted at one time.

JPSC Clearification Over Scaling Saga in 4th PT Result

Over the mounting controversy regarding the Scaling issue of JPSC 4th PT result.JPSC has came out with clarification with there press release.

Scaling Pattern in JPSC Creates Controversy on 4th PT Result

The release of marks on his newly unveiled web site of JPSC has further increased discontent amongst the aspirant who lost their chance to write the mains.

Out of 850 selected aspirants in general candidate Geography, Public Administration and Sociology and Economics dominated while ever green subject History has lost their momentum this year.

The aspirants are disappointed about the scaling pattern adopted by the JPSC,it is quite funny but reality that the scaled marks of the several student exceeds the total marks(GS=100,Optional=200) for that examination was taken.

However it is well known fact that scaling system is faulty one, so UPSC has dumped due to agitation of the informal organization of Transparency Seekers who fought the case against the UPSC from the CIC to Supreme Court.

In the mean time while case was going on in various court UPSC has smartly acted and changed the examination pattern by introducing negative marks in 2010 and further introduction CSAT from current year.

However the moderation is still under practice in mains examination as it is statistically better tool to stop the aspirant to take undue advantage in mains optional papers.

Earlier in PT UPSC were using scaling and in Mains Moderation process.

JPSC Releases Marks of the Aspirants who appeared in 4th JPSC PT Examination

                                             JPSC Building.Circular Road,Ranchi                              

Ranchi, Sept, 17: Amid increasing controversy with the 4th JPSC result as a clearing exercise and to create more transparent system JPSC has releases the marks of the aspirant on the newly constructed web site of the commission.

Few days back JPSC launched the new web site which is totally changed from older one and it looks better and professional. JPSC web site has got new address and new features as well in this revamp.

Earlier large number of students have registered their protest against the less number of result declared by the JPSC in 4th PT.

However JPSC claimed that nothing is wrong in it because in the notification of the examination it was clarified that only 10 times of result against the valency will be released in PT.

Despite of new release the uncertainty looms because JPSC is yet to notify the process of mains examination.

The students who cleared the PT is waiting for the mains forms to be dispatched by the JPSC but till now no initiatives has been taken by the Commission.

Link of Marks:

http://jpsc.gov.in/Results.php