Wednesday, June 8, 2011

Minimum Wages Act, 1948

SECTION	CONTENT
1	Short title, extent and application
2	Interpretation
3	Fixing of minimum rates of wages
4	Minimum rate of wages
5	Procedure for fixing and revising minimum wages
6	**
7	Advisory Board
8	Central Advisory Board
9	Composition of committees, etc.
10	Correction of errors
11	Wages in kind
12	Payment of minimum rates of wages
13	Fixing hours for a normal working day, etc.
14	Overtime
15	Wages of worker who works for less than normal working day
16	Wages for two or more classes of work
17	Minimum time rate wages for piece work
18	Maintenance of registers and records
19	Inspectors
20	Claims
21	Single application in respect of a number of employees
22	Penalties for certain offences
22A	General provision for punishment of other offences
22B	Cognizance of offences
22C	Offences by companies
22D	Payment of undisbursed amounts due to employees
22E	Protection against attachment of assets of employer with Government
22F	Application of Payment of Wages Act, 1936, to scheduled employments
23	Exemption of employer from liability in certain cases
24	Bar of suits
25	Contracting out
26	Exemptions and exceptions
27	Power of State Government to add to Schedule
28	Power of Central Government to give directions
29	Power of the Central Government to make rules
30	Power of appropriate Government to make rules
30A	Rules made by Central Government to be laid before Parliament
31	Validation of fixation of certain minimum rates of wages

Minimum Wages Act, 1948

[11 OF 1948]

An Act to provide for fixing minimum rates of wages in certain employments.

WHEREAS it is expedient to provide for fixing minimum rates of wages in certain employments;

It is hereby enacted as follows.-

Section 1:
Short title and extent.

(1) This Act may be called the Minimum Wages Act, 1948.

(2) It extends to the whole of India [1] [***]

Section 2:
Interpretation.

In this Act, unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or context,-

(a)"adolescent" means a person who has completed his fourteenth year of age but has not completed his eighteenth year;

(aa) "adult" means a person who has completed his eighteenth year of age

(b) "appropriate Government" means,-

(i) in relation to any scheduled employment carried on by or under the authority of the [3] [Central Government, or a railway administration], or in relation to a mine, oilfield or major port, or any corporation established by [4] [a Central Act], the Central Government, and

(ii) in relation to any other scheduled employment, the State Government;

(bb) "child" means a person who has not completed his fourteenth year of age;

(c) "competent authority" means the authority appointed by the appropriate Government by notification in its Official Gazette to ascertain from time to time the cost of living index number applicable to the employees employed in the scheduled employments specified in such notification;

(d) cost of living index number", in relation to employees in any scheduled employment in respect of which minimum rates of wages have been fixed, means the index number ascertained and declared by the competent authority by notification in the Official Gazette to be the cost of living index number applicable to employees in such employment;

(e) "employer" means any person who employs, whether directly or through another person, or whether on behalf of himself or any other person, one or more employees in any scheduled employment in respect of which minimum rates of wages have been fixed under this Act, and includes, except in sub-section (3) of section 26,-

(i) in a factory where there is carried on any scheduled employment in respect of which minimum rates of wages have been fixed under this Act, any person named under [6] [clause (f) of sub-section (1) of section 7 of the Factories Act, 1948 (63 of 1948)], as manager of the factory;

(ii) in any scheduled employment under the control of any Government in India in respect of which minimum rates of wages have been fixed under this Act, the person or authority appointed by such Government for the supervision and control of employees or where no person or authority is so appointed, the head of the department;

(iii) in any scheduled employment under any local authority in respect of which minimum rates of wages have been fixed under this Act, the person appointed by such authority for the supervision and control of employees or where no person is so appointed, the chief executive officer of the local authority;

(iv) in any other case where there is carried on any scheduled employment in respect of which minimum rates of wages have been fixed under this Act, any person responsible to the owner for the supervision and control of the employees or for the payment of wages;

STATE AMENDMENT
MADHYA PRADESH

In clause (e) of section 2 for the words, brackets and figures "and includes, except in sub-section (3) of section 26", the words, brackets and figures "and includes a Person deemed to be an employer under section 18A and further includes, except in sub-section (3) of section 26" shall be substituted - vide Madhya Pradesh Act No. 11 of 1959

(f) "prescribed" means prescribed by rules made under this Act;

(g) "scheduled employment" means an employment specified in the Schedule, or any process or branch of work forming part of such employment;

(h) "wages" means all remuneration, capable of being expressed in terms of money, which would, if the terms of the contract of employment, express or implied, were fulfilled, be payable to a person employed in respect of his employment or of work done in such employment, [7] [and includes house rent allowance] but does n6t include

(i) the value of -

(a) any house- accommodation, supply of light, water, medical attendance, or

(b) any other amenity or any service excluded by general or special order of the appropriate Government;

(ii) any contribution paid by the employer to any Pension Fund or Provident Fund or under any scheme of social insurance;

(iii) any travc1ling allowance or the value of any traveling concession;

(iv) any sum paid to the person employed to defray special expenses entailed on him by the nature of his employment; or

(v) any gratuity payable on discharge;

(i) "employee" means any person who is employed for hire or reward to do any work, skilled or unskilled, manual or clerical, in a scheduled employment in respect of which minimum rates of wages have been fixed; and includes an out-worker to whom any articles or materials are given out by another person to be made up, cleaned, washed, altered, ornamented, finished, repaired, adapted or otherwise processed for sale for the purposes of the trade or business of that other person where the process is to be carried out either in the home of the out-worker or in some other premises not being premises under the control and management of that other person; and also includes an employee declared to be an employee by the appropriate Government; but does not include any member of the Armed Forces of the [8] [Union].

STATE AMENDMENTS
MADHYA PRADESH

In section 2 clause (i) shall be renumbered as clause (ee) and to clause (ee) as so renumbered the following Explanation shall be added, namely:

"Explanation : An employee who has been dismissed, discharged or retrenched from employment or whose employment has been otherwise terminated shall, in respect of all claims arising out of payment of less than the minimum rates of wages or in respect of the payment of remuneration for days of rest or for work done on such days under clause (b) or clause (c) of sub-section (1) of section 13 or of wages at the overtime rate under section 14 during the period of his employment, be deemed to be an employee for the purpose of this Act." - Madhya Pradesh Act No. 23 of 1961.

MAHARASHTRA

In section 2, in clause (z), for the words "and management of that other persons, "the words "and management of that other person; and includes for the purposes of sections 20,21, 22, 22A, 22B, 22C and 22D any person who has been an employee and who has ceased to be so by reason of superannuation, retirement, dismissal, removal, discharge, termination of his service, or otherwise howsoever;" shall be substituted - Maharashtra Act No. 3 of 1963.

Section 3:
Fixing of minimum rates of wages.

(1) The appropriate Government shall, in the manner hereinafter provided,-

(a) fix the minimum rates of wages payable to employees employed in an employment specified in

Part I or Part II of the Schedule and in an employment added to either Part by notification under section 27:

Provided that the appropriate Government may, in respect of employees employed in an employment specified in Part II of the Schedule, instead of fixing minimum rates of wages under this clause for the whole State, fix such rates for a part of the State or for any specified class or classes of such employment in the whole State or part thereof.

(b) review at such intervals as it may think fit, such intervals not exceeding five years, the minimum rates of wages so fixed and revise the minimum rates, if necessary:

Provided that where for any reason the appropriate Government has not reviewed the minimum rates of wages fixed by it in respect of any scheduled employment within any interval of five years, nothing contained in this clause shall be deemed to prevent it from reviewing the minimum rates after the expiry of the said period of five years and revising them, if necessary, and until they are so revised the minimum rates in force immediately before the expiry of the said period of five years shall continue in force.

(1A) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), the appropriate Government may refrain from fixing minimum rates of wages in respect of any scheduled employment in which there are in the whole State less than one thousand employees engaged in such employment, but if at any time[12] [***] the appropriate Government comes to a finding after such inquiry as it may make or cause to be made in this behalf that the number of employees in any scheduled employment in respect of which it has refrained from fixing minimum rates of wages has risen to one thousand or more, it shall fix Minimum rates of wages payable to employees in such employment [13] [as soon as may be after such finding].

(2) The appropriate Government may fix, -

(a) a minimum rate of wages for time work (hereinafter referred to as "a minimum time rate");

(b) a minimum rate of wages for piece work (hereinafter referred to as "a minimum piece rate");

(c) a minimum rate of remuneration to apply in the case of employees employed on piece work for the purpose of securing to such employees a minimum rate of wages on a time work basis (hereinafter referred to as "a guaranteed time rate");

(d) a minimum rate (whether a time rate or a piece rate) to apply in substitution for the minimum rate which would otherwise be applicable, in respect of overtime work done by employees (hereinafter referred to as "overtime rate").

(2A) Where in respect of an industrial dispute relating to the rates of wages payable to any of the employees employed in a scheduled employment, any proceeding is pending before a Tribunal or National Tribunal under the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 (24 of 1947) or before any like authority under any other law for the time being in force, or an award made by any Tribunal, National Tribunal or such authority is in operation, and a notification fixing or revising the minimum rates of wages in respect of the scheduled employment is issued during the pendency of such proceeding or the operation of the award, then, notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, the minimum rates of wages so fixed or so revised shall not apply to those employees during the period in which the proceeding is pending and the award made therein is in operation or, as the case may be, where the notification is issued during the period of operation of an award, during that period; and where such proceeding or award relates to the rates of wages payable to all the employees in the scheduled employment, no minimum rates of wages shall be fixed or revised in respect of that employment during the said period.

(3) In fixing or revising minimum rates of wages under this section, -

(a) different minimum rates of wages may be fixed for-

(i) different scheduled employments;

(ii) different classes of work in the same scheduled employment;

(iii) adults, adolescents, children and apprentices;

(iv) different localities;

(b) minimum rates of wages may be fixed by any one or more of the following wage periods, namely:-

(i) by the hour,

(ii) by the day,

(iii) by the month, or

(iv) by such other larger wage period as may be prescribed; and where such rates are fixed by the day or by the month ' the manner of calculating wages for a month or for a day, as the case may be, may be indicated:]

Provided that where any wage-periods have been fixed under section 4 of the Payment of Wages Act, 1936 (4 of 1936), minimum wages shall be fixed in accordance therewith.]

STATE AMENDMENTS
ANDHRA PRADESH

In clause (a) of sub-section (1) of section 3 -

(a) in sub-clauses (i) and (it), for the words, figures and letters "before the 31st day of December, 1959', the words, figures and letters "before the 3 1 st day of December, 1961 " shall be substituted;

(b) in sub-clause (iii), for the words, "one year" the words "two years" shall be substituted - Andhra Pradesh Act No. 19 of 1961.

BIHAR

In section 3, sub-section (2A) shall be omitted - Bihar Ordinance No. 41 of 1982.

In sub-clause (i) of clause (a) of sub-section (1) of section 3 for the words and figures "before the 31st day of December, 1959", the words and figures "before the 31st day of December, 1961" shall be substituted -Bihar Act No. 3 of 1961.

GUJARAT

In section 3-

(1) in clause (a) of sub-section (1)

(a) in sub-clause (i), the following Provisos shall be added at the end, namely-

"Provided that where the appropriate Government is the State Government, this sub-clause shall have effect as if the words, figures and letters "before the 31st day of December, 1959" had been deleted:

Provided further that the State Government may, instead of fixing minimum rates of wages under this sub-clause for the whole State fix such rates for a part of the State, and in the case of an employment under any local authority the State Government may fix such rates for any specified local authority, or class of local authorities;";

(b) in sub-clause (ii),-

(i) after the figure"1959" the following Proviso shall be inserted, namely-

(ii) for the words "Provided that "the words "Provided further that" shall be substituted;

(iii) in sub-clause (iii) the following Provisos shall be added at the end, namely -

"Provided that, the State Government may, instead of fixing minimum rates of wages under this sub-clause for the whole State, fix such rates for a part of the State :

Provided further that, where the State Government has for any reason not fixed the minimum rates of wages in respect of any such employment before the expiry of one year from the date of such notification, nothing contained in this sub-clause shall, after the commencement of the Minimum Wages (Gujarat Amendment) Act, 1961, prevent the State Government from fixing the minimum rates of wages in respect of such employment even after the expiry of the said period of one year,".

(2) To sub-section (1A), the following Proviso shall be added, namely-

"Provided that, where the State Government has for any reason not fixed the minimum rates of wages in respect of any scheduled employment within one year from the date on which it came to a finding as aforesaid in respect of such employment, nothing contained in this sub-section shall, after the commencement of the Minimum Wages (Gujarat Amendment) Act, 1961 prevent the State Government from fixing the minimum rates of wages in respect of such employment even after the expiry of the said period of one year" - Gujarat Act No. 22 ol 1961.

KERALA

In sub-section (1) of section 3-

(i) in the opening words, for the words "The appropriate Government "the words "The State Government" shall be substituted;

(ii) in clause (a),-

(a) in sub-clauses (i) and (ii), for the figures, letters and words "31st day of December, 1959", the figures, letters and words "31st day of March, 1961, or such other-date, not being later than the 31st day of March, 1962, as the State Government may, from time to time, fix by notification in the Gazette" shall be substituted;

(b) after the existing proviso, the following further proviso shall be inserted, namely:-

"Provided further that where, in fixing the minimum rates of wages of any employment under sub-clause (1) or sub-clause (ii), any class of employees is left out, the State Government may, at any time fix the minimum rates of wages payable to such class of employees.

Explanation: For the purposes of this proviso, the expression "employees let out" with reference to an employment shall include:

(i) employees employed in a particular locality in the employment, the minimum rates of wages payable to whom have not been fixed;

(ii) employees employed in any process or branch of work which was not in existence in the employment at the time when the minimum rates of wages were fixed" Kerala Act No. 18 of 1960.

MADHYA PRADESH

In section 3,

(1) in sub-section (1),-

(a) the proviso to sub-clause (ii) of clause (a) shall be omitted; and

(b) after sub-clause (iii) the following provisos shall be inserted, namely

"Provided that where for any reason, the State Government has not fixed the minimum rates of wages in respect of any scheduled employment within the periods specified in sub-clauses (i), (ii) and (iii), it may, by notification, extend from time to time, the said periods by further period not exceeding three years in the aggregate in each case:

Provided further that the State Government may, instead of fixing minimum rates of wages under sub-clauses (i), (ii) and (iii) for the whole State, fix such rates for a part of the State or for any specified class or classes of such employment or category or categories of employees in such employment in the whole State or part thereof."

(2) To sub-section (1A), the following provisos shall be added namely:-

"Provided that where for any reason the State Government has not fixed the minimum rates of wages in respect of any scheduled employment within the period specified in this sub-section, the State Government may, by notification, extend from time to time, the said period by a further period not exceeding one year in the aggregate:

Provided further that the State Government may, instead of fixing minimum rates of wages under this sub-section for the whole State, fix such rates for a part of the State or for any specified class or classes of such employment or category or categories of employees in such employment in the whole State or part thereof."

(3) After sub-section (1A), the following sub-section shall be inserted, namely:-

"(1B) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), the State Government may, at the time of review under clause (b) of that sub-section -

(a) split up the class or classes of such employment or category or categories of employees in such employment or amalgamate the class or classes of such employment or category or categories of employees in such employment and revise the minimum rates of wages fixed in respect thereof under sub-section (1);

(b) fix the minimum rates of wages for the class or classes of such employment or category or categories of employees in such employment as were not in existence at the time of fixing the minimum rates under sub-section (1) or were in existence but were not covered by such fixation;

(c) fix the minimum rates of wages, mentioned under clause (a) or clause (b), f or the whole State or for any such part thereof for which they were not fixed under sub-section (1) or extend the minimum rates fixed under sub-section (1) for any part of the State, to the whole State or any other part thereof."

(4) In sub-section (3), in sub-clause (iii) of clause (a), after the word "adults", the brackets and words "(males and females)" shall be inserted - Madhya Pradesh Act No. 23 of 1961.

MAHARASHTRA

(1) In clause (a) of sub-section (1),-

(a) in sub-clause (i), the words, figures and letters "before the 31st day of December, 1959" shall be deleted; and the following proviso shall be added at the end, namely :

"Provided that, the State Government may, instead of fixing minimum rates of wages under this sub-clause for the whole State, fix such rates for a part of the State or for any specified class or classes of such employments in the whole of the State or any part thereof; and in the case of an employment under any local authority, the State Government may fix such rates for any specified local authority, or class of local authorities.":

(b) in sub-clause (it), the words, figures and letters "before the 31st day of December, 1959" shall be deleted:

"Provided that, the State Government may, instead of fixing minimum rates of wages under this sub-clause for the whole State, fix such -rates for a part of the State:

Provided further that, where the State Government has not for any reason fixed the minimum rates of wages in respect of any such employment before the expiry of one year from the date of such notification nothing contained in this sub-clause shall, after the commencement of Minimum Wages (Maharashtra Amendment) Act, 1960, prevent the State Government from fixing the minimum rates of wages in respect of such employment even after the expiry of the said period of one year;";

(2) to sub-section (1A), the following proviso shall be added, namely: -

"Provided that, where the State Government has not for any reason fixed the minimum rates of wages in respect of any scheduled employment within one year from the date on which it came to a finding as aforesaid in respect of such employment, nothing contained in this sub-section shall, after the commencement of the Minimum Wages (Maharashtra Amendment) Act, 1960, prevent the State Government from fixing the minimum rates of wages in respect of such employment even after the expiry of the said period of one year." - Maharashtra Act Nos. 10 of 1961 and 3 of 1963.

UTTAR PRADESH

In sub-clauses (i) and (ii) of clause (a) of sub-section (1) of section 3 of the Minimum Wages Act, 1948, in its application to Uttar Pradesh for the figure " 1959" wherever occurring the figure " 1960" shall be substituted vide UP. Act No. 20 of 1960.

Minimum Wages Act, 1948

Section 4:
Minimum rate of wages.

(1) Any minimum rate of wages fixed or revised by the appropriate Government in respect of scheduled employments under section 3 may consist of-

(i) a basic rate of wages and a special allowance at a rate to be adjusted, at such intervals and in such manner as the appropriate Government may direct, to accord as nearly as practicable with the variation in the cost of living index number applicable to such workers (hereinafter referred to as the "cost of living allowance"); or

(ii) a basic rate of wages with or without the cost of living allowance, and the cash value of the concessions in respect of supplies of essential commodities at concessional rates, where so authorized; or

(iii) an all-inclusive rate allowing for the basic rate, the cost of living allowance and the cash value of the concessions, if any.

(2) The cost of living allowance and the cash value of the concessions in respect of supplies of essential commodities at concessional rates shall be computed by the competent authority at such intervals and in accordance with such directions as may be specified or given by the appropriate Government.

Section 5:
Procedure for fixing and revising minimum wages.

(1) In fixing minimum rates of wages in respect of any scheduled employment for the first time under this Act or in revising minimum rates of wages so fixed, the appropriate Government shall either-

(a) appoint as many committees and sub-committees as it considers necessary to hold enquiries and advise it in respect of such fixation or revision, as the case may be, or

(b) by notification in the Official Gazette, publish its proposals for the information of persons likely to be affected thereby and specify a date, not less than two months from the date of the notification, on which the proposals will be taken into consideration.

(2) After considering the advice of the committee or committees appointed under clause (a) of sub-section (1), or as the case may be, all representations received by it before the date 'Specified in the notification under clause (b) of that sub-section, the appropriate Government shall, by notification in the Official Gazette, fix, or, as the case may be, revise the minimum rates of wages in respect of each schedule employment, and unless such notification otherwise provides, it shall come into force on the expiry of three months from the date of its issue:

Provided that where the appropriate Government proposes to revise the -minimum rates of wages by the mode specified in clause (b) of sub-section (1), the appropriate Government shall consult the Advisory Board also.

Section 6:
Advisory committees and sub-committees.

Omitted by the Minimum Wages (Amendment) Act, 1957

Section 7:
Advisory Board.

For the purpose of co-ordinating the work of [17] [committees and sub committees appointed under section 5] and advising the appropriate Government generally in the matter of fixing and revising minimum rates of wages, the appropriate Government shall appoint an Advisory Board.

Section 8:
Central Advisory Board.

(1) For the purpose of advising the Central and State Governments in the matters of the fixation and revision of minimum rates of wages and other matters under this Act and for co-ordinating the work of the Advisory Boards, the Central Government shall appoint a Central Advisory Board.

(2) The Central Advisory Board shall consist of persons to be nominated by the Central Government representing employers and employees in the scheduled employments, who shall be equal in number, and independent persons not exceeding one-third of its total number of members; one of such independent persons shall be appointed the Chairman of the Board by the Central Government.

Section 9:
Composition of committees, etc.

Each of the committees, sub-committees [18] [***] and the Advisory Board shall consist of persons to be nominated by the appropriate Government representing employers and employees in the scheduled employments, who shall be equal in number, and independent persons not exceeding one-third of its total number of members; one of such independent persons shall be appointed the Chairman by the appropriate Government.

STATE AMENDMENTS
MADHYA PRADESH

In section 9,-

(1) after the words "and independent persons", the words "including officers of Government" shall be inserted;

(2) for the words "such independent persons", the words "such independent persons or such officers of Government" shall be substituted; and

(3) the following proviso and the Explanation shall be inserted, namely :-

"Provided that the number of officers of Government shall not exceed two. Explanation: In this section,-

(i) "a person representing employer" shall mean-

(a) an employer; or

(b) an officer of an association of employers; or

(c) an officer of a federation of association of employers to which the association referred to in clause (b) is affiliated;

(ii) "a person representing employees" shall means, -

(a) an employee; or

(b) an officer of trade union functioning in the scheduled employment; or

(c) an officer of a federation of trade unions in the State to which the trade union ref erred to in clause (b) is affiliated" - Madhya Pradesh Act No. 23 of 1961.

After section 9, the following section shall be inserted, namely:-

"9A. Finality of orders constituting Board, Committee, Sub-con7n7ittee, etc.- No order of the State Government nominating any person as the Chairman or a member of the Advisory Board or a Committee or sub-committee shall be called in question in any manner and no act or proceeding before any Board. Committee or Sub-committee shall be called in question in any manner in any Court of Law on the ground merely of the existence of any vacancy in or of any defect or irregularity in the Constitution of such Board, Committee or Sub-committee -Madhya Pradesh Act No. 23 of 1961.

RAJASTHAN

To section 9 as the following Explanation shall be added and shall be deemed always to have been added, namely:-

"Explanation.-For the purposes of this section, an officer of the State Government shall be deemed to be 'independent' notwithstanding that the State Government is an employer in any scheduled employment"- Rajasthan Act No. 4 of 1969.

After section 9, the following new section shall be inserted, namely-

"9A. Finality of orders constituting Board, Committee, Sub-committee- No order of the State Government nominating any person as Chairman or a Member of the Advisory Board or a Committee or Sub-committee shall be called in question in any manner and no action or proceedings before any Board, Committee or Sub-committee shall be called in question in any manner in any Court of law on the ground merely of the existence of any vacancy in or of any defect or irregularity in the constitution of such Board, Committee or Sub-Committee."- Vide Rajasthan Act No. 4 of 1969.

TAMIL NADU

After section 9, the following section shall be inserted, namely:-

"9A. Saving-No order of the State Government nominating any person as the Chairman or a member of the Advisory Board or a Committee or Subcommittee shall be called in question in any manner and no act or proceeding before any Board, Committee or sub-committee shall be called in question in any manner in any Court of law on the ground merely of the existence of any vacancy in or of any defect or irregularity in the constitution of, such Board, Committee or Sub-committee" - Tamil Nadu Act No. 47 of 1981.

Section 10:
Correction of errors.

(1) The appropriate Government may, at any time, by notification in the Official Gazette, correct clerical or arithmetical mistakes in any order fixing or revising minimum rates of wages under this Act, or errors arising therein from any accidental slip or omission.

(2) Every such notification shall, as soon as may be after it is issued, be placed before the Advisory Board for information.

Section 11:
Wages in kind.

(1) Minimum wages payable under this Act shall be paid in cash.

(2) Where it has been the custom to pay wages wholly or partly in kind, the appropriate Government being of the opinion that it is necessary in the circumstances of the case may, by notification in the Official Gazette, authorize the payment of minimum wages either wholly or partly in kind.

(3) If the appropriate Government is of the opinion that provision should be made for the supply of essential commodities at concession rates, the appropriate Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, -authorize the provision of such supplies at concession rates.

(4) The cash value of wages in kind and of concession in respect of supplies of essential commodities at concession rates authorized under sub-sections (2) and (3) shall be estimated in the prescribed manner.

STATE AMENDMENTS
MADHYA PRADESH

Section 11 shall be renumbered as section 4A-Act No. 23 of 1961.

Minimum Wages Act, 1948

Section 12:
Payment of minimum rates of wages.

(1) Where in respect of any scheduled employment a notification under section 5 [20] [***] is in force, the employer shall pay to every employee engaged in a scheduled employment under him wages at a rate not less than the minimum rate of wages fixed by such notification for that class of employees in that employment without any deductions except as may be authorized within such time and subject to such conditions as may be prescribed.

(2) Nothing contained in this section shall affect the provisions of the Payment of Wages Act 1936 (4 of 1936).

STATE AMENDMENTS
BIHAR

In section 12 after sub-section (1), the following sub-section shall be inserted, namely:-

"(1A) Where immediately before the issue of a notification under section 5 fixing or revising the minimum rates of wages in respect of any scheduled employment, wages at a rate higher than the rate so fixed or revised, were payable either by contract or agreement, or, under any other law for the time being in force, then, notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, wages at such higher rate shall be payable to the employees in such scheduled employment and the wages so payable shall be deemed to be the minimum wages for the purposes of this Act." - Bihar Ordinance No. 41 of 1982.

MADHYA PRADESH

In section 12 after sub-section (1), the following sub-section shall be inserted, namely:-

"(1A) Where immediately before the issue of a notification under section 5 fixing or revising the minimum rates of wages in respect of any scheduled employment, wages at a rate higher than the rate so fixed or revised, were payable under this Act, or under any law or award or agreement or custom or usage for the time being in force, then notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, wages at such higher rate shall be payable to the employees in such scheduled employment and the wages so payable shall be deemed to be the minimum wages for the purposes of this Act." - Madhya Pradesh Act No. 23 of 1961.

Section 13:
Fixing hours for a normal working day, etc.

(1) In regard to any scheduled employment minimum rates of wages in respect of which have been fixed under this Act, the appropriate Government may

(a) fix the number of hours of work which shall constitute a normal working day, inclusive of one or more specified intervals;

(b) provide for a day of rest in every period of seven days which shall be allowed to all employees or to any specified class of employees and f or the payment of remuneration in respect of such day of rest;

(2) The provisions of sub-section (1) shall, in relation to the following classes of employees, apply only to such extent and subject to such conditions as may be prescribed:

(a) employees engaged on urgent work, or in any emergency which could not have been foreseen or prevented;

(b) employees engaged in work in the nature of preparatory or complementary work which must necessarily be carried on outside the limits laid down for the general working in the employment concerned;

(d) employees engaged-in any work which for technical reasons has to be completed before the duty is over;

(e) employees engaged in a work which could not be carried on except at times dependent on the irregular action of natural forces.

(3) For the purposes of clause (c) of sub-section (2) employment of an employee is essentially intermittent when it is declared to be so by the appropriate Government on the ground that the ' daily hours of duty of the employee, or if there be no daily hours of duty as such for the employee, the hours of duty, normally include periods of inaction during which the employee may be on duty but is not called upon to display either physical activity or sustained attention.]

STATE AMENDMENTS
MAHARASHTRA

In section 13,-

(a) in sub-section (1),after clause (a) the following shall be inserted, namely:-

"(aa) fix the number of hours of work which shall constitute a normal working week;"

(b) in sub-section (3), after the words "the appropriate Government "the words "or by an *officer not below the rank of a Deputy Commissioner of Labour especially authorised by the State Government in this behalf" shall be inserted - Madhya Pradesh Act No. 3 of 1963.

Section 14:
Overtime.

(1) Where an employee, whose minimum rate of wages is fixed under this Act by the hour, by the day or by such a longer wage-period as may be prescribed, works on any day in excess of the number of hours constituting a normal working day, the employer shall pay him for every hour or for part of an hour so worked in excess at the overtime rate fixed under this Act or under any law of the appropriate Government for the time being in force, whichever is higher.

(2) Nothing in this Act shall prejudice the operation of the provisions of [23] [section 59 Of the Factories Act, 1948 (63 of 1948)] in any case where those provisions are applicable.

STATE AMENDMENTS
MADHYA PRADESH

In section 14 after sub-section (1), the following sub-section shall be inserted, namely:-

"(1A) The State Government may, by notification, fix the limit for over time work in any scheduled employment subject to such conditions and restrictions as may be specified in the notification" -Madhya Pradesh Act No. 23 of 1961.

Section 15:
Wages of worker who works for less than normal working day.

If an employee whose minimum rate of wages has been fixed under this Act by the day works on any day on which he was employed for a period less than the requisite number of hours constituting a normal working day, he shall, save as otherwise hereinafter provided, be entitled to receive wages in respect of work done by him on that day as if he had worked for a full normal working day:

Provided, however, that he shall not be entitled to receive wages for a full normal working day-

(i) in any case where his failure to work is caused by his unwillingness to work and not by the omission of the employer to provide him with work, and

(ii) in such other cases and circumstances as,,-nay be prescribed.

Section 16:
Wages for two or more classes of work.

Where an employee does two or more classes of work to each of which a different minimum rate of wages is applicable, the employer shall pay to such employee in respect of the time respectively occupied in each such class of work, wages at not less than the minimum rate in- force in respect of each such class.

STATE AMENDMENTS
MADHYA PRADESH

In section 16 for the words "in respect of the time respectively occupied in each such class of work, wages at not less than the minimum rate in respect of each such class" the words "wages at the highest of the rates prescribed for such class" shall be substituted - Madhya Pradesh Act No. 23 of 1961.

Section 17:
Minimum time rate wages for piece work.

Where an employee is employed on piece work for which minimum time rate and not a minimum piece rate has been fixed under this Act, the employer shall pay to such employee wages at not less than the minimum time rate.

Section 18:
Maintenance of registers and records.

(1) Every employer shall maintain such registers and records giving such particulars of employees employed by him, the work performed by them, the wages paid to them, the receipts given by them and such other particulars and in such form as may be prescribed.

(2) Every employer shall keep-exhibited, in such manner as may be prescribed, in the factory, workshop or place where the employees in the scheduled employment may be employed; or in the case of out-workers, in such factory, workshop or place as may be used for giving out-work to them notices in the prescribed form containing prescribed particulars.

(3) The appropriate Government may, by rules made under this Act, provide for the issue of wage books or wage slips to employees employed in any scheduled employment in respect of which minimum rates of wages have been fixed and prescribe the manner in which entries shall be made and authenticated in such wage books or wage slips by the employer or his agent.

STATE AMENDMENTS
BIHAR

In section 18 after sub-section (3), the following sub-section shall be inserted, namely:-

"(4) The appropriate Government may, by rules made under this Act, also provide for the issue of identity cards and service certificate to employees employed in any scheduled employment in such form and containing such particulars as may be prescribed." - Bihar Act No. 9 of 198&

MADHYA PRADESH

In section 18 after sub-section (3), the following sub-section shall be inserted, namely:-

"(4) Every employer shall in such scheduled employments as the State Government may, by notification, specify in this behalf, display notice of period of work including over-time in respect of all or any of his employees in such manner as may be prescribed." - Madhya Pradesh Act No. 23 of 1961.

After section 18, the following section shall be inserted, namely:-

"18A. Chief Inspector- The State Government may, by notification appoint any person to be the Chief Inspector who shall exercise such powers and perform such duties throughout the State as may be prescribed."- Madhya Pradesh Act No. 23 of 1961.

MAHARASHTRA

In section 18 in sub-section (3), after the words "wage slips" at both the places where they occur, the words "and attendance cards" shall be inserted - Maharashtra Act No. 3 of 1963.

Section 19:
Inspectors.

(1) The appropriate Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, appoint such persons as it thinks fit to be Inspector for the purposes of this Act, and define the local limits within which they shall exercise their functions.

(2) Subject to any rules made in this behalf, an Inspector may, within the local limits for which he is appointed -

(a) enter, at all reasonable hours, with such assistants (if any), being persons in the service of the Government or any local or other public authority, as he thinks fit, any premises or place where employees are employed or work is given out to out-workers in any scheduled employment in respect of which minimum rates of wages have been fixed under this Act, for the purpose of examining any register, record of wages or notices required to be kept or exhibited by or under this Act or rules made there under, and require the production thereof for inspection;

(b) examine any person whom he finds in any such premises or place and who, he has reasonable cause to believe, is an employee employed therein or an employee t6 whom work is given out therein;

(c) require any person giving out-work and any out-workers, to give any information, which is in his power to give, with respect to the names and addresses of the persons to, for and from whom the work is given out or received, and with respect to the payments to be made for the work;

(d) seize or take copies of such register, record of wages or notices or portions thereof as he may consider relevant in respect of an offence under this Act which he has reason to believe has been committed by an employer; and

(e) exercise such other powers as may be prescribed.

(3) Every Inspector shall be deemed to be a public servant with in the meaning of the Indian Penal Code (45 of 1860).

(4) Any person required to produce any document or thing or to give any information by an inspector under sub-section (2) shall be deemed to be legally bound to do so within the meaning of section 175 and section 176 of the Indian Penal Code (45 of 1860)].

STATE AMENDMENTS
BIHAR

In section 19 in sub-section (2) after clause (d), the following new clauses shall be inserted, namely:-

"(dd) take or accept statement of the guardian of such employee who, because of certain physical or mental disabilities (deaf, dumb, etc.) cannot give a statement about payment of wages less than the minimum rates of wages fixed for that employee's class of work, or less than the amount due to him under the provisions of the Act,

(ddd) conduct any application presented under sub-section (2) of section 20 of the Act before any authority appointed under sub-section (1) of section 20 of the Act." - Bihar Ordinance No. 41 of 1982.

MADHYA PRADESH

In section 19,-

(1) in sub-section (1), for the words "and define the local limits within which they shall exercise their functions" the words "specify the areas within which they shall exercise their respective jurisdictions" shall be substituted;

(2) in sub-section (2),-

(a) for the words "local limits for which he is appointed" the words "areas of his jurisdiction" shall be substituted;

(b) in clause (a), after the words "other public authority" the words "or such person representing employers or such person representing employees" shall be inserted; and

'Explanation: For the purpose of clause (a) expressions "a person representing employer" and "a person representing employees" shall have the meaning assigned to those expressions in section 9.'- Madhya Pradesh Act No. 23 of 1961.

Section 20:
Claims.

(1) The appropriate Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, appoint any Commissioner for Workmen's Compensation or any officer of the Central Government exercising functions as a Labour Commissioner for any region, or any officer of the State Government not below the rank of Labour Commissioner or any] other officer with experience as a Judge of a Civil Court or as a stipend any Magistrate to be the Authority to hear and decide for any specified area all claims arising out of payment of less than the minimum rates of wages [27] [or in respect of the payment of remuneration for days of rest or for work done on such days under clause (b) or clause (c) of sub-section (1) of section 13 or of wages at the overtime rate under section 14] to employees employed or paid in that area.

(2) Where an employee has any claim of the nature referred to in sub-section (1)] the employee himself, or any legal practitioner or any official of a registered trade union authorized in writing to act on his behalf, or any Inspector, or any person acting with the permission of the Authority appointed under subsection (1), may apply to such Authority for a direction under sub-section (3):

Provided that every such application shall be presented within six months from the date on which the minimum wages [29] [or other amount] became payable:

Provided further that any application may be admitted after the said period of six months when the applicant satisfies the Authority that he had sufficient cause for not making the application within such period.

(3) When any application under sub-section (2) is entertained, the Authority shall hear the applicant and the employer, or give them an opportunity of being heard, and after such further inquiry, if any, as it may consider necessary, may, without prejudice to any other penalty to which the employer may be liable under this Act, direct-

(i) in the case of a claim arising out of payment of less than the minimum rates of wages, the payment to the employee of the amount by which the minimum wages payable to him exceed the amount actually paid, together with the payment of such compensation as the Authority may think fit, not exceeding ten times the amount of such excess;

(ii) in any other case, the payment of the amount due to the employee, together with the payment of such compensation as the Authority may think fit, not exceeding ten rupees,and the Authority may direct payment of such compensation in cases where the excess or the amount due is paid by the employer to the employee before the disposal of the application.

(4) If the Authority hearing any application under this section is satisfied that it was either malicious or vexatious, it may direct that a penalty not exceeding fifty rupees be paid to the employer by the person presenting the application.]

(5) Any amount directed to be paid under this section may be recovered

(a) if the Authority is a Magistrate, by the Authority as if it were a fine imposed by the Authority as a Magistrate, or

(b) if the Authority is not a Magistrate, by any Magistrate to whom the Authority makes application in this behalf, as if it were a fine imposed by such Magistrate.

(6) Every direction of the Authority under this section shall be final.

(7) Every Authority appointed under sub-section (1) shall have all the powers of a Civil Court under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (5 of 1908) for the purpose of taking evidence and of enforcing the attendance of witnesses and compelling the production of documents, and every such Authority shall be deemed to be a Civil Court for all the purposes of section 195 and Chapter XXXV of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898 (5 of 1898).

STATE AMENDMENTS
BIHAR

In section 20-

(a) in sub-section (1) for the words "or any officer of the State Government not below the rank of a Labour Commissioner" the words "or any such officer of the State Government not below the rank of an Assistant Commissioner of Labour" shall be substituted;

(b) in sub-section (3) after the words "the Authority shall hear the applicant and the employer" and before the word "or" the word "summarily" shall be inserted; and

"(5) Any amount directed to be paid under this sections shall be recoverable as an arrear of Land Revenue.";

(d) for sub-section (6), the following sub-section shall be substituted, namely:-

"(6) Any employer or worker aggrieved by any direction made under subsection (3) by an authority appointed under sub-section (1) on an application made under sub-section (2), may, within 30 days from the date of the direction, prefer an appeal in such manner and to such authority as the State Government may, by notification, specify in this behalf, and that authority may, after hearing the appeal, confirm, modify or reverse the direction appealed against and no further appeal shall lie against the order made by such authority in any Court of Law."; and

(e) after sub-section (6) so substituted, the following new sub-section shall be inserted, namely:-

"(6A) The authority referred to in sub-section (6) may, if it is satisfied that the appellant was prevented by sufficient cause from preferring the appeal within the period specified in sub-section (6), allow the appeal to be preferred within a further period of 30 days but not thereafter.” Bihar Ordinance No. 41 of 1982.

In section 20-

(i) after sub-section (4), the following sub-section shall be inserted, namely:-

"(4A) No employer shall, during the pendency of any proceedings arising out of any claim case, take any action against any employee concerned in such claim case -

(a) by. altering to the prejudice of such employee, the conditions of service applica6le to him immediately before the commencement of such proceedings, and

(b) by discharging, terminating the services in any manner or punishing whether by dismissal or otherwise of such workers, save with the express permission in writing of the Authority before whom the proceeding is pending.";

(ii) after sub-section (5), the following sub-section shall be inserted, namely:~

"(5A) At the time of hearing, the authority may direct the employers to deposit at least 50% of the claimed amount with the authority excluding the amount of compensation. The said amount may be paid to the claimant which shall be adjusted subsequently with the decreed amount." - Bihar Act No. 9 of 1988

KARNATAKA

In sub-section (1) of section 20, for the words "stipendary Magistrate" the words "Judicial Magistrate" shall be substituted, vide Mysore Act No. 13 of 1965.

MADHYA PRADESH

In section 20,-

(i) in the provisos to sub-section (2), for the words "six months" occurring twice, the words "one year" shall be substituted; and

(ii) to sub-section (4) the following proviso shall be added, namely:-

"Provided that nothing in this sub-section shall apply to any application filed by an Inspector under sub-section (2)." -Madhya Pradesh Act No. 23 of 1961.

For sub-section (1) of section 20 the following sub-section shall be substituted namely:-

"(1) The appropriate Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette appoint any Commissioner for Workmen's Compensation or any officer of the Central Government exercising functions as a Labour Commissioner of any region or any officer of the State Government not below the rank of Labour Commissioner or any other officer with experience as a Judge of a Civil Court or as a stipendary Magistrate or any Revenue Officer not below the rank of Naib-Tahsildar to be the Authority to hear and decide for any specified area all claims arising out of payment of less than minimum rates of wages or in respect of the payment of remuneration for days of rest or for work done on such days under clause (b) or clause(c)of sub-section (1) of section 13 of wages at the overtime rate under section 14, to employees employed or paid in that area." - Madhya Pradesh Act No. 36 of 1976.

MAHARASHTRA

In section 20 in sub-section (1) after the words "payment of less than the minimum rates of wages" the words, brackets and figures "or in respect of wages not paid within the time prescribed under sub-section (1) of section 12" shall be inserted Maharashtra Act No. 3 of 1963.

In section 20 to sub-section (1), the following proviso shall be added, namely:-

"Provided that the State Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, appoint any Block Development Officer, Tahsildar, Additional Tahsildar or Naib-Tahsildar to be the Authority to hear and decide for any area specified in the notification all such claims of employees employed or paid in employment in agriculture in the area so specified.

Explanation-For the purposes of this proviso, the expression "Block Development Officer" has the meaning assigned to it in the Maharashtra Parishads and Panchayat Samitis Act, 1961 (Mah. 5 of 1962)." -Maharashtra Act No. 25 of 1976.

RAJASTHAN

In section 20, in sub-section (1), after the expression "Labour Commisisoner", the expression "or a Vikas Adhikari appointed under the Rajasthan Panchayat Samitis and Zila Parishads Act, 1959 (Rajasthan Act 37 of 1959)"shall be inserted - Rajasthan Act No. 11 of 1976

Minimum Wages Act, 1948

Section 21:
Single application in respect of a number of employees.

(1)Subject to such rules as maybe prescribed, a single application] may be presented under section 20 on behalf or in respect of any number of employees employed in the scheduled employment in respect of which minimum rates of wages have been fixed and in such cases the maximum compensation which may be awarded under sub-section (3) of section 20 shall not exceed ten times the aggregate amount of such excess [32] [or ten rupees per head as the case may be.-'

(2) The Authority may deal with any number of separate pending applications presented under section 20 in respect of employees in the scheduled employments in respect of which minimum rates of wages have been fixed, as a single application presented under sub-section (1) of this section and the provisions of that sub-section shall apply accordingly.

STATE AMENDMENTS
GUJARAT

After section 21, the following section shall be inserted, namely:-

"21A Liability for payment of Court-fees.-

(1) In any proceedings under section 20 the applicant shall not be liable to pay any court-fees (other than fees payable for service of process) in respect of such proceedings:

Provided that, when the application is presented by an Inspector, he shall not be liable to pay the process fees also.

(2) Where the applicant succeeds in such proceedings, the authority hearing the application shall calculate the amount of court fees which would have been payable by the appli6ant but for sub-section (1), and direct the employer or other person responsible for the payment of wages under section 12 to pay the amount to the State Government. The amount shall, without prejudice to any other mode of recovery, be recoverable as an arrear of land revenue." -Gujarat Act No. 22 of 1961.

MAHARASHTRA

After section 21, the following section shall be inserted, namely:-

"21A. Liability for payment of Court-fee.-

(1) In any Proceedings under section 20 the applicant shall not be liable to pay any court-fees (other than fees payable for service of process) in respect of such proceeding:

Provided that, when the application is presented by an Inspector, he shall not be liable to pay the process fees also.

(2) Where the applicant succeeds in such proceedings, the authority hearing the application shall calculate the amount of court-fees which would have been payable by the applicant but for sub-section (1), and the employer or other person responsible for the payment of wages under section 12 to pay the amount to the State Government. The amount shall, without prejudice to any other mode of, recovery, be recoverable as an arrear of land revenue." - Maharashtra Act No. 10 of 1961.

Section 22:
Penalties for certain offences.

Any employer who-

(a) pays to any employee less than the minimum rates of wages fixed for that employee's class of work, or less than the amount due to him under the provisions of this Act, or

(b) contravenes any rule or order made under section 13, shall be punishable with 'Imprisonment for a term which may extend to six months, or with fine which may extend to five hundred rupees, or with both: Provided that in imposing any fine for an offence under this section, the Court shall take into consideration the amount of any compensation already awarded against the accused in any proceedings taken under Section 20.

STATE AMENDMENTS
MAHARASHTRA

In section 22 in clause (a), after the words "Provisions of this Act" the following shall be inserted, namely:-

“ or fails to pay the wages within the time prescribed under sub-section (1) of section 12"-vide Maharashtra Act No. 3 of 1963.

After section 22, the following new section shall be inserted, namely:-

"22A. Penalty for obstructing Inspector. -Whoever wilfully obstructs an Inspector in the exercise of any power conferred on him by or under this Act, or fails to produce on demand by an Inspector any registers, records or other documents in his custody kept in pursuance of this Act, and which he is required to produce by or under this Act shall, on conviction, be punished with fine which may extend to five hundred rupees."-vide Maharashtra Act No. 3 of 1963.

Section 22A:
General provision for punishment of other offences.

Any employer who contravenes any provision of i this Act or of any rule or order made there under shall, if no other penalty is provided for such contravention by this Act, be punishable with fine which may extend to five hundred rupees.]

STATE AMENDMENT
BIHAR

For section 22A, the following section shall be substituted namely:-

"22A. General provision for pun is h men t of other offences.-Any employer who contravenes any provision of this Act or of any rule or order made there under shall, if no other penalty is provided in this act for such contravention, be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to six months, or with fine which may extend to one thousand rupees, or with both."- vide Bihar Ordinance No. 41 of 1982.

Section 22B:
Cognizance of offences.

(1) No Court shall take cognizance of a complaint against any pet-son for an offence-

(a) under clause (a) of section 22 unless an application in respect of the facts constituting such offence has been presented under section 20 and has been granted wholly or in part, and the appropriate Government or an officer authorised by it in this behalf has sanctioned the making of the complaint;

(b) under clause (b) of section 22 or under section 22A except on a complaint made by or with the sanction of, an Inspector.

(2) No Court shall take cognizance of an offence-

(a) under clause (a) or clause (b) of section 22, unless complaint thereof is made within one month of the grant of sanction under this section;3

(b) under section 22A, unless complaint thereof is made within six months of the date on which the offence is alleged to have been committed.

STATE AMENDMENT
BIHAR

In section 22B in sub-section (1) for clause (a), the following clause shall be substituted, namely:-

"(a) under clause (a) of section 22 unless the State Government or an officer authorised by it in this behalf has sanctioned the making of the complaint." vide Bihar Ordinance No 41 of 1982.

In clause (b) of sub-section (2) of section 22B the following proviso shall be inserted, namely :-

"Provided that the Court, if it is satisfied that the State Government or any officer authorised by it in this behalf was prevented by sufficient cause from sanctioning the making of the complaint within the period specified in subsection (2), shall condone the delay and allow the complaint to be made even after the expiry of the said period."- vide Bihar Act No. 9 61198&

GUJARAT

In section 22B in sub-section (2), for clause (b), the following shall be substituted, namely:-

"(b) under section 22A, unless the complaint thereof is made within six months of the date on which the offence becomes known to the Inspector."- vide Gujarat Act No. 22 of 1961.

MADHYA PRADESH

In section 22B in clause (a) of sub-section (i), for the words and figures "unless an application in respect of the facts constituting such offence has been presented under section 20", the words and figures" unless a claim under section 20 has been preferred before the authority" shall be substituted; and

(ii) in sub-section (2) in clause (a), for the words "one month" the words "three months" shall be substituted – vide Madhya Pradesh Act No 23 of 1961.

MAHARASHTRA

In section 22B in sub-section (2), for clause (b), the following shall be substituted, namely:-

"(b) under section 22A, unless the complaint thereof is made within six months of the date on which the offence becomes known to the Inspector."- vide Maharashtra Act No. 10 of 1961.

Section 22C:
Offences by companies.

(1) If the person committing any offence under this Act is a company, every person who at the time the offence was committed, was in charge of, and was responsible to, the company for the conduct of the business of the company as well as the company shall be deemed to be guilty of the offence and shall be liable to be proceeded against and punished accordingly:

Provided that nothing contained in this sub-section shall render any such person liable to any punishment provided in this Act if he proves that the offence was committed without his knowledge or that he exercised all due diligence to prevent the commission of such offence.

(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), where an offence under this Act has been committed by a company and it is proved that the offence has been committed with the consent or connivance of, or is attributable to any neglect on the part of, any, director, manager, secretary or other officer of the company, such director, manager, secretary or other officer of the company shall also be deemed to be guilty of that offence and shall be liable to be proceeded against and punished accordingly.

Explanation.-For the purposes of this section,-

(a) "company" means any body corporate and includes a firm or other association of individuals, and

(b) "director" in relation to a firm means a partner in the firm.

STATE AMENDMENTS
MADHYA PRADESH

After section 22C of the Principal Act, the following section shall be inserted,. namely:-

"22CC. Liability of principles in certain cases-

(1) Subject to the provisions of sub-section (2), where in any scheduled employment in respect of which minimum rates of wages have been fixed under this Act, any person (hereinafter in this section referred to as the principal) contracts with any other person (hereinafter in this section referred to as the contractor) for having any goods made for sale f or the purposes of the trade or business of the principal either wholly or partly out of materials supplied to the contractor by such principal, then notwithstanding that the employees for making such goods are employed by the contractor, the principal shall also in addition to the contractor be deemed for all purposes of this Act to be the employer in relation to such employees:

Provided that where by virtue of the provisions of sub-section (1) a principal is convicted of an offence punishable under section 22, he shall be punishable only with fine as provided for in that section.

(2) The provisions of this section shall apply only to such scheduled employments as the State Government may, by notification, specify in that behalf." - Vide Madhya Pradesh Act Nos. 11 of 1959 and 23 of 1961.

UTTAR PRADESH

After section 22C, the following section shall be inserted, namely:-

"22CC Compounding of Offences.-An Officer specially empowered by the State Government in this behalf by notification may, subject to any general' or special order of the State Government in this behalf, compound any offence punishable under this Act with fine only committed for the first time, either before or after the institution of the prosecution, on realization of such amount of composition fee as he thinks fit, not exceeding the maximum amount of fine fixed for the offence; and where the offence is so compounded-

(i) before the institution of the prosecution, the offender shall not be liable to prosecution for such offence and shall, if in custody, be set at liberty;

(ii) after the institution of the prosecution, the composition shall amount to acquittal of the offender" - vide UP Act No. 35 of 1979.

MANIPUR

After section 22C, the following section shall be inserted, namely-

"22CC. Compounding of offences.-An officer specially empowered by the State Government in this behalf by notification in the Official Gazette may, subject to any general or special order of the State Government in this behalf, compound any offence punishable under this Act with fine only committed for the first time either before or after the institution of the prosecution on realisation of such amount of composition fee as he thinks fit, not exceeding the maximum amount of fine fixed for the offence, and where the offence is so compounded-

(i) before the institution of the prosecution, the offender shall not be liable to prosecution for such offence and shall, if in custody, be set at liberty;

(ii) after the institution of the prosecution, the composition shall amount to acquittal of the offender."-Manipur Act No. 5 of 1993.

Section 22D:
Payment of un disbursed amounts due to employees.

All amounts payable by an employer to an employee as the amount of minimum wages of the employee under this Act or otherwise due to the employee under this Act or any rule or order made there under shall, if such amounts could not or cannot be paid to the employee on account of his death before payment or on account of his whereabouts not being known, be deposited with the prescribed authority who shall deal with the money so deposited in such manner as may be prescribed.

STATE AMENDMENT
MADHYA PRADESH

Section 22D shall be renumbered as section 23 - Madhya Pradesh Act No. 23 of 1961.

Section 22E:
Protection against attachment of assets of employer with Government.

Any amount deposited with the appropriate Government by an employer to secure the due performance of a contract with that Government and any other amount due to such employer from that Government in respect of such contract shall not be liable to attachment under any decree or order of any Court in respect of any debt or liability incurred by the employer other than any debt or liability incurred by the employer towards any employee employed in connection with the contract aforesaid.

Section 22F:
Application of Payment of Wages Act, 1936, to scheduled employments.

(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Payment of Wages Act,1936 (4 of 1936), the appropriate Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, direct that, subject to the provisions of sub-section (2), all or any of the provisions of the said Act, shall with such modifications, if any, as may be specified in the notification, apply to wages payable to employees in such scheduled employments as may be specified in the notification.

(2) Where all or any of the provisions of the said Act are applied to wages, payable to employees in any scheduled employment under sub-section (1), the Inspector appointed under this Act shall be deemed to be the Inspector for the purpose of enforcement of the provisions so applied within the local limits of his jurisdiction.]

STATE AMENDMENTS
MADHYA PRADESH

In section 22F in sub-section (2), for the words "local limits" the word "area" shall be substituted. - vide Madhya Pradesh Act No. 23 of 1961.

After section 22F, the following section shall be inserted, namely -

"22G. Registration of certain scheduled employments –

(1) Every employer shall, in such scheduled employments as the State Government may, by notification, specify in this behalf, get his establishment registered in such manner and on payment of such fees as may be specified in the notification.

(2) Nothing in sub-section (i) shall apply to such of establishments to which the provisions of the Factories Act, 1948 (63 4 1948) or Madhya Pradesh Shops and Establishments Act." -vide Madhya Pradesh Act No. 23 of 1961.

Section 23:
Exemption of employer from liability in certain cases.

Where an employer is charged with an offence against this Act, he shall be entitled, upon complaint duly made by him, to have any other person whom he charges as the actual offender, brought before the Court at the time appointed for hearing the charge; and if, after the commission of the offence has been proved, the employer proves to the Satisfaction of the Court -

(a) that he has used due diligence to enforce the execution of this Act, and

(b) that the said other person committed the offence in question without his knowledge, consent or connivance, that other person shall be convicted of the offence and shall be liable to, the like punishment as if he were the employer and the employer shall be discharged:

Provided that in seeking to prove, as aforesaid, the employer may be examined on oath, and the evidence of the employer or his witness, if any, shall be subject to cross-examination by or on behalf of the person whom the employer charges as the actual offender and by the prosecution.

STATE AMENDMENTS
MADHYA PRADESH

Section 23 shall be renumbered as section 22D - Act No. 23 of 1961.

Minimum Wages Act, 1948

Section 24:
Bar of suits.

No Court shall entertain any suit for the recovery of wages insofar as the sum so claimed -

(a) forms the subject of an application under section 20 which has been presented by or on behalf of the plaintiff, or

(b) has formed the subject of a direction under that section in favour of the plaintiff, or

(d) could have been recovered by an application under that section.

Section 25:
Contracting out.

Any contractor agreement, whether made before or after the commencement of this Act whereby an employee either relinquishes or reduces his right to a minimum rate of wages or any privilege or concession accruing to him under this Act shall be null and void insofar as it purports to reduce to minimum rate of wages fixed under this Act.

Section 26:
Exemptions and exceptions.

(1) The appropriate Government may, subject to such conditions, if any, as it may think fit to impose, direct that the provisions of this Act shall not apply in relation to the wages payable to disabled employees.

(2) The appropriate Government may, if for special reasons it thinks so fit, by notification in the Official Gazette, direct that Subject to such conditions and] for such period as it may specify the provisions of this Act or any of them shall not apply to all or any class of employees employed in any scheduled employment or to any locality where there is carried on a scheduled employment.

(2A) The appropriate Government may, if it is of opinion that having regard to the terms and conditions of service applicable to any class of employees in a scheduled employment generally or in a scheduled employment in a local area, 39 or to any establishment or a part of any establishment in a scheduled employment] it is not necessary to fix minimum wages in respect of such employees of that class or in respect of employees in such establishment or such part of any establishment] as are in receipt of wages exceeding such limit as may be prescribed in this behalf, direct, by notification in the Official Gazette and subject to such conditions, if any, as it may think fit to impose, that the provisions of this Act or any of them shall not apply in relation to such employees.

(3) Nothing in this Act shall apply to the wages payable by an employer to a member of his family who is living with him and is dependent on him.

Explanation- In this sub-section a member of the employer's family shall be deemed to include his or her spouse or child or parent or brother or sister.

STATE AMENDMENTS
MADHYA PRADESH

In section 26 after sub-section (2A), the following sub-section shall be inserted, namely:

"(2AA) Where the State Government is of the opinion that it is necessary or expedient in the public interest so to do, it may by notification and subject to such conditions, if any, as may be specified therein direct that all or any of the provisions of this Act shall not apply in relation to all or any class of employers in any scheduled employment" - Madhya Pradesh Act No. 23of 1961.

MAHARASHTRA

In section 26 to sub-section (2A), the following proviso shall be added namely:

"Provided that, the powers of the State Government under this sub-section may, subject to the control of the State Government be exercised by the Commissioner of Labour." -Maharashtra Act No. 3 of 1963.

Section 27:
Power of State Government to add to Schedule.

The appropriate Government, after giving by notification in the Official Gazette not less than three months notice of its intention so to do, may, by like notification, add to either Part of the Schedule any employment in respect of which it is of opinion that minimum rates of wages should be fixed under this Act, and thereupon the Schedule shall in its application to the State be deemed to be amended accordingly.

STATE AMENDMENTS
BIHAR

After section.27, the following sections shall be inserted, namely:

"27A. Protection to persons acting under the Act. - No suit, prosecution or other legal proceeding whatsoever shall lie against any person for anything which is in good faith done or intended to be done in due discharge of his duties under this Act.

27B. Transfer of cases from one Court to another. - The State Government or any authority subordinate to it if so authorised by the State Government by an order in writing in this behalf, may by notification in the Official Gazette, withdraw or recall any case pending at any time before any Authority appointed under sub-section (1) of section 20 of the Act and transfer the same to another appointed authority for disposal in the prescribed manner." -Bihar Ordinance No. 41 of 1982.

MADHYA PRADESH

For section 27, the following section shall be substituted, namely:

"27. Power of State Government to amend Schedule. – The State Government after giving, by notification, not less than three months notice of its intention so to do, may, by like notification, -

(a) add to either Part of the Schedule, any employment in respect of which it is of opinion that minimum rates of wages should be fixed under this Act,

(b) modify or rescind any entry in either Part of the Schedule; and thereupon the Schedule shall in this application to the State be deemed to be amended accordingly." -Madhya Pradesh Act No. 23 of 1961.

After section 27, the following sections shall be inserted, namely:

27B. Delegation of power-

(1) The State Government may, by order, direct that any power, other than the power exercisable by it under sections 27 and 30 shall in such circumstances and in such manner, if any, as may be specified in the direction, be exercised by any officer not below the rank of Assistant Commissioner of Labour or authority subordinate to it.

(2) Nothing in the Act shall derogate from the right of the State Government to exercise any power delegated to any officer or authority subordinate to it." - Madhya Pradesh Act No. 23 of 1961.

Section 28:
Power of Central Government to give directions.

The Central Government may give directions to a State Government as to the carrying into execution of this Act in the State.

Section 29:
Power of the Central Government to make rules.

The Central Government may, subject to the condition of previous publication, by notification in the Official Gazette, make rules prescribing the term of office of the members, the procedure to be followed in the conduct of business, the method of voting, the manner of filling up casual-vacancies in membership and the quorum necessary for the transaction of business of the Central Advisory Board.

Section 30:
Power of appropriate Government to make rules.

(1) The appropriate Government may, subject to the condition of previous publication, by notification in the Official Gazette, make rules for carrying out the purposes of this Act.

(2) Without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing power, such rules may -

(a) prescribe the term of office of the members, the procedure to be followed in the conduct of business, the method of voting, the manner of filling up casual vacancies in membership and the quorum necessary for the transaction of business of the committees, sub-committees [40-41] [***] and the Advisory Board;

(b) prescribe the method of summoning witnesses, production of documents relevant to the subject-matter of the enquiry before the committees, subcommittees [40-41] [***] and the Advisory Board;

(c) Prescribe the mode of computation of the cash value of wages in kind and of concessions in respect of supplies of essential commodities at concessional rates;

(d) prescribe the time and conditions of payment of, and the deductions permissible from wages;

(e) provide for giving adequate publicity to the minimum rates of wages fixed under this Act;

(f) provide for a day of rest in every period of seven days and for the payment of remuneration in respect of such day,

(g) prescribe the number of hours of work which shall constitute a normal working day;

(h) prescribe the cases and circumstances in which an employee employed for a period of less than the requisite number of hours constituting a normal working day shall not be entitled to receive wages for a full normal working day;

(i) prescribe the form of registers and records to be maintained and the particulars to be entered in such registers and records;

(j) provide for the issue of wage books and wage slips and prescribe the manner of making and authenticating entries in wage books and wage slips;

(k) prescribe the powers of Inspectors for purposes of this Act;

(l) regulate the scale of costs that may be allowed in proceedings under section 20;

(m) prescribe the amount of court-fees payable in respect of proceedings under section 20; and

(n) provide for any other matter which is to be or may be prescribed.

STATE AMENDMENTS
MAHARASHTRA

In section 30 in sub-section (2),

(1) in clause (g), for the words "a normal working day" the words "a normal working day or week" shall be substituted;

(2) in clause (1), for the words "and wages slips", at both the places where they occur, the words "or wage slips and attendance cards" shall be substituted - vide Maharashtra Act No. 3 of 1963.

Section 30A:
Rules made by Central Government to be laid before Parliament.

Every rule made by the Central Government under this Act shall be laid as soon as may be after it is made before each House of Parliament while it is in session for a total period of thirty days which may be comprised in one session or in two successive sessions, and if, before the expiry of the session in which it is so laid or the session immediately following, both Houses agree in making any modification in the rule or both Houses agree that the rule should not be made, the rule shall thereafter have effect only in such modified form or be of no effect, as the case may be, so, however, that any such modification or annulment shall be without prejudice to the validity of anything previously done under that rule.]

STATE AMENDMENTS
MADHYA PRADESH

After section 30, the following section shall be inserted, namely:

"30A. Removal of difficulties.-If any difficulty arises in giving effect to the provisions of this Act, the State Government may, by order, do anything, not inconsistent with the provisions of this Act, which appears to it to be necessary or expedient for the purposes of removing the difficulties." Madhya Pradesh Act No. 23 of 1961.

Section 31:
Validation of fixation of certain minimum rates of wages.

Where during the period -

(a) commencing on the 1st day of April, 1952, and ending with the date of the commencement of the Minimum Wages (Amendment) Act, 1954 (6 of 1954); or

(b) commencing on the 31st day of December, 1954, and ending with the date of the commencement of the Minimum Wages (Amendment) Act, 1957 (30 of 1957);.or

(c) commencing on the 31st day of December, 1959, and ending with the date of the commencement of the Minimum Wages (Amendment) Act, 1961, minimum rates of wages have been fixed by an appropriate government as being payable to employees, employed in any employment specified in the Schedule in the belief or purported belief that such rates were being fixed under clause (a) of sub-section (1) of section 3, as in force immediately before the commencement of the Minimum Wages (Amendment) Act, 1954 (26 of 1954), or the Minimum Wages (Amendment) Act, 1957 (30 of 1957), or the Minimum Wages (Amendment) Act, 1961, as the case may be, such rates shall be deemed to have been fixed in accordance with law and shall not be called in question in any court on the ground merely that the relevant date specified for the purpose in that clause had expired at the time the rates were fixed:

Provided that nothing contained in this section shall extend, or be construed to extend, to affect any person with any punishment or penalty whatsoever by reason of the payment by him by way of wages to any of his employees during any period specified in this section of an amount which is less than the minimum rates of wages referred to in this section or by reason of noncompliance during the period aforesaid with any order or rule issued under section 13.]

STATE AMENDMENTS
MADHYA PRADESH

After section 31, the following section shall be inserted, namely:

"31A. Validation o1certain minimum rates of wages, -

(1) The rates of minimum wages fixed or revised in respect of employment Nos. 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 11 in Part I of the Schedule to the Principal Act, under the Government of Madhya Pradesh Labour Department Notification Nos. 306 to 309-XVI-58, dated the 30th December, 1958 shall be and shall always be deemed to have been validly fixed or revised and shall be deemed to have come into force on the date mentioned in the said notifications, notwithstanding any judicial decision to the contrary or any defect or irregularity in the constitution of the Advisory Board under section 7 of the Principal Act read with section 9 thereof or publication of the notifications in the Gazette or non-compliance with any other requirement of law and shall not be called in question in any court merely on the ground that there was failure to comply with the provisions of the Principal Act.

(2) The rates of minimum wages fixed or revised in respect of employment specified in Part 11 of the Schedule to the Principal Act under the Government of Madhya Pradesh, Labour Department Notification No. 9758-XVI, dated the 31st December, 1959, shall be and shall always be deemed to have been validly fixed or revised, notwithstanding any defect or irregularity in the constitution of the Committee under section 5(1)(a) of the Principal Act read with section 9 thereof, or publication of the notification in the Gazette or noncompliance with any other requirement of law and shall not be called in question in any court merely on the ground that there was f allure to comply with the provisions of the Principal Act:

Provided that nothing contained in this section shall extend or be construed to extend to affect any person with any punishment or penalty whatsoever by reason of the payment by him by way of wages to any of his employees during the period between the dates on which the aforesaid notifications came into force and the date on which this Act comes into force, an amount which is less than the minimum rates of wages or less than the rates of wages immediately prevailing before the said notifications or by reason of noncompliance during the period aforesaid with any order or rule issued under section 13 of the Principal Act." - Madhya Pradesh Act No. 23 of 1961.

RAJASTHAN

After section 3 1, the following section shall be inserted, namely:

"31A. Validation o1certain minimum rates and wages.- The rates of minimum wages fixed or revised before the commencement of the Minimum Wages (Rajasthan Amendment and Validation) Ordinance, 1968 fn respect of employment Nos. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, in Part I of the Schedule to the Act and employment in agriculture in Part 11 of the Schedule to the Act, shall be and shall be deemed always to have been validly fixed or revised, as the case may be, and shall be deemed to have come into force on the date such fixation or revision has been brought into force by the State Government by a notification in the Official Gazette, notwithstanding any judicial decision to the contrary or any defect or irregularity in the constitution of the Committee or the Sub-committee, or the Advisory Board under section 5 or section 7 of the Act, read with section 9 thereof or publication of the notification in the Official Gazette or non-compliance with any other requirement of law and shall not be called in question in any court merely on the ground that there was a failure to comply with the provisions of the Act - Rajasthan Act No. 4 of 1969.

JPSC 4th PT Result no clue yet

Ranchi,JUNE,8:Jharkhand Public service commission (JPSC) the most dented public service commission of the country is struggling to find the way to make proper result of the 4th PT.

The commission had conducted the examination after several postponement despite of claimed cautioned by the JPSC the questions asked in the PT examination are came under controversy.

The toughness level of various paper was not at same level so the competitive advantage in this examination is extensively under the favor of some optional.

The history optional paper was so easy that average students had marked more than 90 questions. It is worth mentioning that the optional having 2 marks against each question while GS paper was having 1 marks. The scoring pattern suggests that the history people has more chances to clear the examination than the other optional.

In other issue associated with the paper setting is that, the significant amount of questing has been asked directly from the previous year question of UPSC in multiple optional including Geography, Public Administration,Sociology,etc without any alteration which has also influenced the competitiveness of the examination.

It is well known that JPSC will publish the roll No of 2100 candidate as the result of the PT examination as per their earlier announcement if they will do so then it will very tough to see the proper percentage in the successful candidate from various optional.

JPSC do not follow the scaling in their examination so they don’t have any pass to make it balance under this circumstances the officials are quite confuse to handle the situation.

JPSC is facing massive criticism due to their act as several students have agitated in front of JPSC office after the examination.

Ratan Tata to Big to Replace

Ratan Naval Tata is the present Chairman of the Tata Group, India's one of the largest conglomerate founded by Jamsedji Nawsherwanji Tata and consolidated and expanded by later generations of his family.

Ratan Tata was born as the first child of Soonoo & Naval Hormusji Tata in December 28, 1937, in Surat into the famous Tata family of Mumbai. His childhood was troubled, his parents separating in the mid-1940s, when he was about seven and his younger brother Jimmy was five. His mother moved out and both Ratan and his brother Jimmy were raised by their grandmother Lady Navajbai.

Education:

Ratan Tata completed his Bsc degree in architecture with structural engineering from Cornell University in 1962, and the Advanced Management Program from Harvard Business School in 1975.

Personal:

Nothing is more personal about Ratan Tata, a shy man, rarely features in the society glossies, has lived for years in a book-crammed, dog-filled bachelor flat in Mumbai's Colaba district.

Ratan Tata has his own capital in Tata Sons the prime holding company of the Tata Son’s group. Though his share is just about 1%, but his personal holding is valued more than US$ 1 Billion.About 66 percent of the equity capital of Tata Sons is held by philanthropic trusts endowed by members of the Tata family. The biggest two of these trusts are the Sir Dorabji Tata Trust and the Sir Ratan Tata Trust, which were created by the families of the sons of Jamshedji Tata. Since this shareholding belonged to Ratan's ancestors and these trusts were created by them, Ratan N. Tata has an effective right over them.If all the value of this is added his Net Worth is estimated at above US$ 50 Billion, making Ratan N. Tata one of the richest people in the world. In 1971

Career:

He formally joined the Tata Group in December 1962, after turning down a job offer with IBM on the advice of JRD Tata. He was first sent to Jamshedpur plant of Tata to work at Tata Steel. He worked on the floor along with other blue-collar employees (workers) shoveling limestone and handling the blast furnaces which is the toughest physical work in the plant.

After some time he appointed the Director-in-Charge of The National Radio & Electronics Company Limited (Nelco), a company that was under the financial difficulty. Ratan advovated that the company should invest in developing high-technology products, rather than in consumer electronics. However J.R.D.Tata was reluctant to do so because of the historical financial performance of Nelco which had never even paid regular dividends. Further, Nelco had 2% market share in the consumer electronics market and a loss margin of 40% of sales when Ratan took over.

From 1972 to 1975, Nelco eventually surge to have a market share of 20%, and recovered its losses. In 1975 however, India's Prime Minister Indira Gandhi declared a state of emergency, which led to an economic recession. This was followed by labor union problems in 1977, so even after demand improved, production did not keep up growing. Finally, the Tatas confronted the unions and, following a strike, a lockout was imposed for seven months. Ratan continued to believe in the fundamental soundness of Nelco, but the venture did not survive.

In 1977, Ratan was entrusted with Empress Mills, a textile mill controlled by the Tatas. When he took charge of the company, it was one of the few sick units in the Tata group. Ratan Tata managed to turn it around and finally it declared a dividend. However, competition from less labor-intensive enterprises had made a number of companies unviable, including those like the Empress which had large labor contingents and had spent too little on modernization. On Ratan's insistence, some investment was made, but it did not suffice. As the market for coarse and medium cotton cloth (which was all that the Empress produced) turned adverse, the Empress began to accumulate heavier losses. Bombay House, the Tata headquarters, was unwilling to divert funds from other group companies into an undertaking which would need to be nursed for a long time. So, some Tata directors, chiefly Nani Palkhivala, took the line that the Tatas should liquidate the mill, which was finally closed down in 1986. Ratan was severely disappointed with the decision, and in a later interview with the Hindustan Times would claim that the Empress had needed just Rs 50 lakh to turn it around.

In 1981, he was named director of Tata Industries; the Group's other holding company, where he became responsible for transforming it into the Group's strategy think-tank and a promoter of new ventures in high-technology businesses.

In 1991, he took over as group chairman from J.R.D. Tata, pushing out the old guard and ushering in younger managers. Since then, he has been instrumental in reshaping the fortunes of the Tata Group, which today has the largest market capitalization of any business house on the Indian Stock Market.

Under the Ratan Tata guidance, Tata Consultancy Services(TCS) went public and Tata Motors was listed on the New York Stock Exchange. In 1998, Tata Motors introduced his brainchild, the Tata Indica

On January 31, 2007, under the chairmanship of Ratan Tata, Tata Sons successfully acquired Corus Group, an Anglo-Dutch steel and aluminum producer. With the acquisition, Ratan Tata became a celebrated personality in Indian corporate business culture. The merger created the fifth largest steel producing entity in the world.

On March 26, 2008, Tata Motors, under Ratan Tata, bought Jaguar & Land Rover from Ford Motor Company. The two iconic British brands, Jaguar and Land Rover, were acquired for £1.15 billion ($2.3 billion)

Ratan Tata's dream was to manufacture a car costing Rs 100,000 (2010: approx. US$2,500). He realized his dream by launching the car in New Delhi Auto Expo on January 10, 2008 and finally started booking for customer in april 2009.Three models of the Tata Nano were announced, and Ratan Tata delivered on his commitment to developing a car costing only 1 lakh rupees, adding that "a promise is a promise," referring to his earlier promise to deliver this car at the said cost. Recently when his plant for Nano production was obstructed by Mamta Banerjee, his decision of going out of West Bengal was warmly welcomed.

On October 7, 2008, After a controversial stay in West Bengal, Ratan Tata and his men shifted their Rs 1-lakh car Nano project to Sanand near Ahmadabad at an investment of Rs 2,000 crore (Rs 20 billion), declaring that efforts will be made to roll out the world's cheapest car from a make-shift plant to meet the deadline. Praising Modi for speedy allocation of about 1,100 acres (4.5 km2) of centrally located land, Ratan Tata said that the company had a great deal of urgency in having a new location and was driven by the reputation of the state. He successfully made a secret deal with Narendra Modi who agreed to give him a soft loan to the tune of approximately $10 billion to make the car in Gujrat.

Strengthening an inheritance

Ratan Tata quietly but firmly began to assert the group's authority on the individual companies. He strengthened the unified brand image of the group. A major restructuring effort was undertaken, excess baggage was dropped and businesses were rationalized and consolidated. The effort ended with a leaner portfolio of 93 companies, focused on seven identified industry sectors – engineering, materials, energy, chemicals, services, consumer products, and information systems and communication.

Tata has been instrumental in promoting the Tata brand and the 'Made in India' tag not only in India but across the globe in sectors as diverse as steel, automobiles, chemicals and hospitality. His mandate for group companies was clear: shape up, or ship out; be among the top three players in your business or get out of it.

Under Tata's stewardship, the group is in a leadership position in information technology (TCS, CMC), steel (Tata Steel), chemicals (Tata Chemicals), tea (Tata Tea) and hospitality (Indian Hotels), and the Tata name is reaching new geographies through an aggressive 'internationalization' effort. The group now has a presence in 40 countries and exports to 140.

What has ensured the success of Tata's plans is his unwavering focus on the customer. Quality, he insists, must be the hallmark of all Tata products and services, no matter which segment of society or which country they are meant for. Good governance, fair business practices and social responsibility should be the guide for all Tata companies, in all locations and at all times.

Recent years have seen the group make rapid strides in its M&A and JV strategy across the globe. Since 2004 the Tata group has acquired over 30 companies, totaling about $2 billion. The group has also built strategic partnerships with global companies, in order to improve its competitive position

Awards and Recognition.

On the occasion of India's 58th Republic Day on 26 January 2000, Ratan Tata was honored with the Padma Bhushan, the third highest decoration that may be awarded to a civilian. On 26 January 2008 he was awarded the Padma Vibhushan , the second highest civilian decoration. He was one of the recipients of the NASSCOM Global Leadership Awards-2008 given away at a ceremony on February 14 2008 in Mumbai. Ratan Tata accepted the Carnegie Medal of Philanthropy in 2007 on behalf of the Tata family.

Ratan Tata serves in senior capacities in various organizations in India and he is a member of the Prime Minister's Council on Trade and Industry. In March 2006 Tata was honored by Cornell University as the 26th Robert S. Hatfield Fellow in Economic Education, considered the highest honor the university awards to distinguished individuals from the corporate sector.

Ratan Tata's foreign affiliations include membership of the international advisory boards of the Mitsubishi Corporation the American International Group, JP Morgan Chase and Booz Allen Hamilton. He is also a member of the board of trustees of the RAND Corporation, University of Southern California and of his alma mater, Cornell University. He also serves as a board member on the Republic of South Africa's International Investment Council and is an Asia-Pacific advisory committee member for the New York Stock Exchange. Tata is on the board of governors of the East-West Center, the advisory board of RAND's Center for Asia Pacific Policy and serves on the programmed board of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation's India AIDS initiative. In February 2004, Ratan Tata was conferred the title of honorary economic advisor to Hangzhou city in the Zhejiang province of China.

On March 26, 2008, Tata Motors, under Ratan Tata, bought Jaguar & Land Rover from Ford Motor Company. The two iconic British brands, Jaguar and Land Rover, were acquired for $2.3 billion.

He recently received an honorary doctorate from the London School of Economics and Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur.He was listed among the 25 most powerful people in business named by Fortune magazine in November 2007. In May 2008 Mr Tata made it to the Time magazine's 2008 list of the World's 100 most influential people. Tata was hailed for unveiling his tiny Rs. one lakh car 'Nano'.

On 29 August 2008, the Government of Singapore conferred honorary citizenship on Ratan Tata, in recognition of his abiding business relationship with the island nation and his contribution to the growth of high-tech sectors in Singapore. Ratan Tata is the first Indian to receive this honor.

After the 26 November 2008 Mumbai attacks, Forbes opined Ratan Tata be brought into politics, calling him India's most respected business leader.

Leadership trade of Ratan Tata:

Barely a decade and a half ago, when Ratan N Tata took over as chairman of Tata Sons, the holding company of the Tata Group, people in the markets and in management circles dismissed him as a person of no consequence. When he sold off Tata Oil Mills Company in 1993 people said he had no stomach for competition

Tata is one of Indian industry's most respected business leaders. Their regime has taken the group's annual revenues to $21.7 billion, or more than seven times their level when he took over as boss in 1991. He still has eight years to go before he retires at the age of 75.

Tata has successfully restructured and revitalized a group that was seen as slow, bureaucratic and unable to deal with the hurly-burly of today's intensely competitive world. Tata companies have made aggressive strides in India and abroad, leading the rush for overseas acquisitions by Indian groups, and ramping up market shares at home.

Under his leadership, the Tata group has emerged as India's largest business conglomerate, a modern, unified organisation ready for the challenges of a young economy and increasingly global marketplace. He has also ensured that while the group metamorphoses to meet the volatile demands of a borderless international market, its tradition of business ethics and commitment to society remain intact, and even become stronger.

When Tata took office in 1991, he inherited an unwieldy giant with over 250 companies, representing nearly every industry, loosely held together by the group management. The immediate challenge Tata faced was to galvanise this amorphous entity to face the challenges of a newly liberalised economy. It was a feat he executed with such skill, foresight and success that it has silenced his detractors.

Tata took over the helm of the group from his uncle, the legendary JRD Tata, after spending three decades in relatively smaller roles in group companies. His first stint was with Tata Steel, which he joined in December 1962, after returning from the United States with a degree in architecture from Cornell University and a brief assignment with the architectural firm of Jones and Emmons in Los Angeles.

Tata rose to the chairmanship of the Tata Group, at a pivotal moment in the country's economic history – the liberalisation of the Indian economy. The development seemed to be timed in his favor. He took over from JRD Tata, who, though a pioneer in his time had left the group unprepared for a new economy. While the group was still pursuing its manufacturing thrust, the younger Tata had anticipated the opportunities in the information-based industries

As he drives the group's expansion plans in other geographies, Ratan Tata is encouraging Tata companies in India to shift their focus from the urban to the rural and create products and services that address the needs of the bottom of the pyramid. The Taj group's recently launched Ginger chain of economy hotels, Tata Motor's proposed Rs 1-lakh small car, Titan's Sonata brand of watches, and Tata BP Solar's initiatives in harnessing solar energy to light up.

While scaling his biography I found that Ratan Tata is an participative man he always believe in team work and supports their employee and even work with them the way he worked with the blue color employee of the plant around the steel plant and the way he has encouraged the employee with the great deal of direction and participation it supports the leadership style of the RatanTata.He developed the group dynamics in the Tata industries under their guidance.

His philanthropist acts to support the country and people in the crisis time reflect their behavior of his participation. The concept of people car Nano is the product of his thinking. He is known for their great ethical value and credibility.

His above qualities made Tata the most ethical company of india

BPSC result is about to decleared

BPSC PT result about to announce students crossing their fingers

As the time is passing students who are waiting for the result of Bihar Public Service Commission (BPSC) PT Result are getting impatient because BPSC had earlier announced that the result of PT will be declared by the second week of June we are just about to enter in the second week so countdown had begun for the applicant.

It is really a tensed moment for we because we are eagerly waiting for the result said Ravindra sinha a student who appeared in the examination he further said that he has also appeared in the JPSC but as the malpractices had reported in question setting as the history question was so easy so he feels no other student can make in PT except the history optional because other optional were tough in comparison of history so he is quite disappointed with the JPSC.

BPSC had given ray of hope as students are thinking that in Bihar fair practices are happening so everybody had chance.

The mains are scheduled in September as per earlier announcement of the commission member so keep cross your finger.

All the bes

MP PSC SOCIOLOGY SET A 2011 ANSWER KEY

MP PSC SOCIOLOGY SET A 2011 ANSWER KEY

1 D 31 C 61 A 91 #
2 C 32 D 62 D 92 D
3 D 33 D 63 D 93 B
4 D 34 C 64 D 94 #
5 D 35 D 65 D 95 D
6 D 36 B 66 B 96 D
7 B 37 D 67 A 97 D
8 D 38 A 68 D 98 D
9 C 39 D 69 A 99 C
10 C 40 B 70 C 100 #
11 A 41 C 71 A 101 #
12 C 42 D 72 D 102 D
13 D 43 B 73 B 103 B
14 B 44 D 74 C 104 A
15 C 45 D 75 A 105 B
16 B 46 D 76 A 106 B
17 B 47 D 77 B 107 #
18 D 48 B 78 B 108 #
19 D 49 D 79 A 109 B
20 C 50 B 80 D 110 #
21 D 51 D 81 D 111 C
22 D 52 D 82 D 112 D
23 D 53 D 83 D 113 D
24 D 54 D 84 D 114 D
25 D 55 D 85 C 115 A
26 D 56 C 86 C 116 C
27 D 57 C 87 B 117 C
28 C 58 C 88 D 118 D
29 D 59 C 89 A 119 D
30 B 60 C 90 C 120 D

Pages

Wednesday, June 8, 2011